A practical guide for those considering investment-based residency in Europe

For non-EU nationals seeking to establish a European foothold, the landscape of residency options has become both more diverse and more complex. While the Czech Republic doesn’t offer an investment migration programme, understanding the broader European context helps frame the options available to international residents and investors.

The European Golden Visa Landscape

Several EU member states offer residency-by-investment programmes, commonly called “golden visas.” These programmes allow non-EU nationals to obtain residency rights through qualifying economic contributions – typically investment in real estate, business creation, or financial instruments.

Portugal: The Reformed Pioneer

Portugal pioneered European golden visas in 2012 and has processed the highest volume of applications among EU programmes. Following 2023 reforms that removed direct real estate investment, the programme now focuses on:

• Investment funds: €500,000 minimum in qualifying Portuguese funds
• Business creation: €500,000 with job creation requirements
• Research and cultural contributions: €250,000-500,000

The pioneer Golden Visa maintains notable advantages: minimal physical presence requirements (7 days/year), path to citizenship after 5 years, and family inclusion covering spouse, children, and dependent parents.

Greece: The Property Alternative

Greece has capitalised on Portugal’s property route closure, becoming the primary destination for real estate-focused applicants.

• Investment threshold: €250,000-500,000 depending on region
• Property focus: Direct real estate ownership
• Citizenship path: 7 years (longer than Portugal)

Lower entry costs make Greece attractive, though the citizenship timeline and economic stability considerations factor into long-term planning.

Spain: Diversified Routes

Spain offers multiple pathways including real estate (€500,000), capital investment, and business creation. The programme attracts significant Latin American interest and benefits from Spain’s established infrastructure and lifestyle appeal.

Malta: Premium Citizenship

Malta positions uniquely as the only EU programme offering direct citizenship (not just residency) through investment. Requirements include €600,000-750,000 in contributions plus property investment, with 12-36 month processing depending on route.

Hungary and Other Options

Hungary’s residency bond programme attracted significant interest before suspension. Other EU nations offer various entrepreneur and investor visa categories that, while not branded as “golden visas,” serve similar purposes.

Comparison Framework

For prospective applicants, key comparison factors include:

Why This Matters for Central Europe

Residents of Central Europe – including those in the Czech Republic – may find these programmes relevant for several reasons:

Business expansion: EU residency through investment can complement business activities across member states.

Family planning: Access to different education systems, healthcare, and lifestyle options.

Climate and lifestyle: Southern European destinations offer climate diversity.

Investment diversification: Real estate and fund investments outside home markets provide portfolio diversification.

Practical Considerations

Anyone considering these programmes should account for:

• Tax implications in both home and destination countries
• Due diligence requirements that have tightened across all programmes
• Professional guidance from immigration specialists familiar with specific programme nuances
• Long-term objectives rather than just immediate residency

The golden visa landscape continues evolving. Programme requirements change, processing times fluctuate, and political sentiment affects availability. Current information and professional advice are essential for informed decisions.